Showing posts with label hydrogen explosion. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hydrogen explosion. Show all posts

Saturday, September 24, 2011

24/09 Hydrogen detected in pipe at Fukushima No. 1 reactor

The Yomiuri Shimbun

Hydrogen has been detected in a pipe at the No. 1 reactor at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant, but there is no possibility it will cause an explosion "in the immediate future," the plant's operator said Friday.

According to Tokyo Electric Power Co., hydrogen of at least 10,000 parts per million was detected at two spots in a pipe passing through the containment vessel on the reactor building's first floor. This concentration was higher than TEPCO had anticipated.

Although TEPCO is not certain how much hydrogen is still inside the vessel, the utility believes it is possible the concentration of the highly flammable gas is higher than had been assumed.

In air and liquid, 10,000 ppm is equivalent to 1 percent. Air containing at least 4 percent hydrogen and 5 percent oxygen is at risk of causing explosion.

TEPCO has been injecting nitrogen into the containment vessel since April so it is assumed there is virtually no oxygen. As a result, the utility ruled out the possibility of an explosion "in the immediate future."

The hydrogen was detected during an examination of the pipe before installation of a radioactive gas purification system inside the containment vessel. TEPCO said it had closely examined the hydrogen concentration and would inject nitrogen into the pipe to flush out the remaining hydrogen.

TEPCO said it had expected hydrogen would still be inside the containment vessel, but that it would have no effect on the radioactive gas purification system.

The nuclear plant's Nos. 1, 3 and 4 reactors were damaged by hydrogen explosions in the days after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami knocked out the plant's cooling systems.

(Sep. 24, 2011)

Saturday, April 16, 2011

14/03 枝野官房長官の会見全文〈14日午後0時40分〉

2011年3月14日13時54分

 枝野幸男官房長官の14日午後0時40分からの記者会見の内容は次の通り。

 【冒頭発言】

 本日11時1分に爆発が確認された福島第一原子力発電所3号機の件について報告する。

 映像等でご覧になっている方々、大変心配だと思うが、その後入手した、あるいは確認したデータから結論を申し上げれば、さきほど申し上げた通り、格納容器の健全性は維持されているものと思われる。

 格納容器の圧力は11時13分に380キロパスカル、11時55分に360キロパスカルで、内部圧力が安定している。先ほどの会見で申し上げた通り、現地所長の報告にあった健全性がある程度裏付けられたものと思う。

 また、放射線量のモニタリングの結果を見ると、発電所内サービスホールで11時37分、50マイクロシーベルト/h、発電所正門付近で11時44分時点で、20マイクロシーベルト/hとなっており、特段の変化は確認されていない。

 なお、若干距離のある、約5キロ離れているオフサイトセンターの12時36分のデータも、1マイクロシーベルト/h、昨日と同じ数値を示していて、いずれも大量の放射線量を示すものではない。

 なお、いずれのポイントにおいても中性子線について問題あるデータはでていないと報告されている。また、中央制御室も維持されていることが確認された。なお、3号機に対する注水活動だが、実施中のまま作業員が退避をしたというのが正確な報告だ。ただいま注水継続を目視確認するための努力、作業をどの段階でできるか、状況を把握しているところ。

 なお、現地からは6名の負傷者が出たとの報告があった。一部報道があるが、東電本店と現地の所長と両名に確認したが、両者からも行方不明の報告はない。

 なお、避難の状況だが、先程、わずかな方という表現をしたが、若干わずかだというのは適切でない表現だったかも知れない。現在、500名ほど、12時30分現在、500名ほどの方が避難の途上にある。20キロ圏内からの退避の途上にある。

 以上のデータから、今回の事象は1号機での過日の水素爆発と同種のものと考えられ、現時点で格納容器の健全性は維持されており、放射性物質が大量に飛び散る可能性は低いと、専門家を含めて認識している。さきほどの500名ほどの20キロ圏外への退避をまだしていない方々については先程同様、屋内で待避をするようお願いしているところだが、もう少しデータなどの経緯を見た上で退避の行動を続けてもらうタイミングを判断したい。以上。

 【質疑】

 【3号機爆発】

――けがをされた6人の所属と、どういう作業中にけがをしたのか。

 いまけがをされた皆さんのけがの程度と正確な、どちらの関係者の方かの確認作業を進めている。

――3号機の爆発でほかの周辺原発への影響は。

 現時点では影響は確認されていないが、爆発によって上に上がった天井などの落下物の危険がないことを確認した上で、最終的な状況確認に入る、いまこのタイミングを探っているという報告を受けている。

――爆発は何回あったのか。

 これは普通に考えて1回であると。一つが、建屋の中にあったものが何らかの形で爆発をしたものと考えられる。

――建屋の上層部に水素がたまっている原発の数はほかにいくつか。

 現時点では第一が先日、水素爆発を起こしました。今回、その可能性があるということで中止をしていた第三が爆発をした。

 ほかのところにはこうしたリスクは現時点では生じていない、そういった事象が生じないようコントロールに努力している。

――再度の爆発の危険はないとみているのか。

 3号機についてですね。基本的にはそうした可能性は低いだろうというふうに専門家の皆さんが分析をされている。

――爆発の時に圧力が低下したとおっしゃったが、爆発とは関係ないのか。

 直接の詳細なところは、さらに分析をしなければならないと聞いているが、現時点では圧力が一定程度維持されているということで、所長から報告があった健全性を裏付けるデータが出ている、そういうのが現時点の状況だ。

――360への圧力の低下というのは、これまでもあった変動の範囲内か。

 圧力については若干の変動があるということで、私もこの間、いろいろな報道を受けている。その範囲だろうと思っている。

――退避する範囲は20キロで変わらないか。

 水素が出ている、その爆発の可能性があるということは以前の会見でもご報告を申し上げたと思う。その時点で想定されていた事態で、こうした事態に備えて20キロ圏外へということを退避の指示をした。

 約500人ほどの皆さんが、残念ながら、途中、あるいはこれから退避ということなので、こうした皆さんも屋内で待機をしていただければ大きな健康への被害はない可能性が高いと認識している。これは、さらにモニター、放射線量のモニターをしっかり行っていく。

――500人は屋内待機か。いずれの段階で20キロ圏外に出るように話をするということか。

 基本的には退避を続けていただく、その条件が整うのがどのタイミングかを専門家の皆さんの評価、これは危機管理の専門と、放射線・原子力の専門家と両面の専門の皆さんのご意見をふまえて、そのタイミングを判断するということになる。

――屋内にたまった水素を逃がす有効な手段はできていないのか。

 いろいろな検討はしているという報告はうかがったが、逆にそこにいろいろ手を加えると、そのことが爆発の誘引になる可能性もあるということ。そして第一でも起きている、その分析、あるいはそもそも建物の構造等の分析から炉に大きな影響を与える爆発の可能性は低いという判断のなかで、状況の監視を注視しているということ。

――もともと3号炉の爆発の可能性があったが、けが人が出た。

 可能性がある中だが、一方でより大きな原子炉の状態の悪化を防いで原子力被害を防ぐためには水を注入して冷却していくということが欠かせない。

 こうしたことのなかで、爆発のリスクと、それによる一方での注水をしないというリスクの判断の中で、厳しい条件の中で作業に当たっていただいたと。大変敬意を表するしだい。

――中性子線の量について言及したのは、再臨界の可能性を恐れているのか。

 これは炉の構造、専門家の保安院等でおたずねいただければと思うが、念のため、こちらも計って、その数値には問題ないとの報告を受けている。

――1、3号機について、放射線量や観測されない危険が生じている可能性は。

 実際にモニターされている周辺の放射線の量が、これは気象条件などで測定値が変わってくるが、そうした変動はあるが、安定した数値でこの間ずっと推移してきている。

 さらには今回の爆発の後の数値についてもそうした範囲内で推移している。いずれにしてもこの原子炉を安全な状況にもっていくためには、原子炉内のガスを抜きながら水を入れていくという作業が不可欠だ。それをできるだけ人体に影響を与えない範囲内で進めていくという、その範囲のなかで今進んでいると認識している。

Thursday, April 14, 2011

14/04 One crisis after another harried TEPCO's response

The Yomiuri Shimbun

This is the third installment in a series focusing on delays in implementing emergency steps by the government and Tokyo Electric Power Co. to deal with the unprecedented nuclear crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.

TEPCO's venting of radioactive steam from a reactor at the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant came too late, but even after the utility acted, a series of hydrogen explosions at the plant's reactor buildings quickly turned the situation into a nightmare the government's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency had never anticipated.

Under ordinary circumstances, reactor containment vessels that cover pressure vessels contain nearly no oxygen, making it almost impossible for the substance to chemically react with hydrogen and set off a blast. Even if hydrogen is generated in a reactor, it should not leak from the containment vessel. But after the disaster damaged pipe joints in the reactor building, hydrogen from inside the reactor leaked into the outer structure.

The first blast occurred at the No. 1 reactor at 3:36 p.m. on March 12, about five hours after the radioactive steam was released. The event violently shook an earthquake-resistant building nearby that was housing the crisis headquarters in the compound.

An employee of a TEPCO partner company said he was sitting on the floor when the explosion hit and it tossed him about 10 centimeters up in the air. "I thought an earthquake had hit nearby," he said. People around him started shouting, "Check the [radiation] dose!"

TEPCO officials at the crisis headquarters became seriously alarmed. They feared another explosion could rock the No. 3 reactor.

On the night of March 12, workers from the headquarters tried to lay power cable from No. 4 reactor's turbine building to the No. 3 reactor's cooling motor, hoping No. 4's power supply was still functioning. But the door to the turbine building had been warped by the tsunami and was stuck shut. It took the workers about three hours to remove the door, but they soon saw their work had been for nothing. The No. 4 reactor's power supply was dead.

Slowly, workers at the power station were realizing the tsunami had caused destruction beyond their imagination.

At 11 a.m. on March 14, the No. 3 reactor building exploded and again the headquarters in the quake-resistant structure was given a violent shake.

These two explosions--on March 12 and 14--underlined the severity of the nuclear crisis for Defense Ministry officials in Tokyo.

After the blast at the No. 1 reactor on March 12, the officials received a report from the nuclear safety agency saying, "The No. 2 reactor is unstable." But the only action TEPCO's crisis headquarters said it would take was to "respond to rising pressure [at the No. 3 reactor] by venting the reactor."

Even after the blast at No. 3 reactor, the nuclear safety agency continued to say the reactor vessel was sound and the container was filled with water.

At 6:10 a.m. on March 15, an explosion was heard from the No. 2 reactor. This was followed by a fire near a storage pool for spent nuclear fuel at the No. 4 reactor at 9:38 a.m. Radiation in excess of 400 milisieverts per hour was detected in the vicinity.

Until this point, the nuclear safety agency had been saying the No. 4 reactor was relatively stable. TEPCO had repeatedly said the No. 4 reactor had been stopped and as long as there was water in the spent fuel storage pool, things would be fine. The firm had been frantically trying to deal with the crises that kept erupting at the Nos. 1-3 reactors, like a deadly game of whack-a-mole.

It was starting to dawn on government officials, including Defense Minister Toshimi Kitazawa, that the nuclear safety agency and TEPCO lacked the ability to make appropriate decisions. They were becoming frustrated by what they saw as constant changes to explanations about what was happening at the power station. Distrust in the agency and TEPCO was soaring.

But TEPCO and the nuclear safety agency had their hands full responding to the volatile situation surrounding the No. 2 reactor after the blast at the No. 1 reactor. Dealing with one urgent crisis after another, they had no time to take actions that would have averted the more serious situation that was to develop.

The situation at the Fukushima complex had grown from simply out-of-hand into a disaster of unimaginable dimensions.

(Apr. 14, 2011)

Thursday, April 7, 2011

07/04 Nitrogen injected into Fukushima reactor to reduce risk of explosion

Nitrogen injected into Fukushima reactor to reduce risk of explosion

In this March 24, 2011 aerial photo taken by a small unmanned drone and released by AIR PHOTO SERVICE, damaged Unit 3, left, and Unit 4 of the crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant are seen in Okumamachi, Fukushima prefecture, northern Japan. (AP Photo/AIR PHOTO SERVICE)
In this March 24, 2011 aerial photo taken by a small unmanned drone and released by AIR PHOTO SERVICE, damaged Unit 3, left, and Unit 4 of the crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant are seen in Okumamachi, Fukushima prefecture, northern Japan. (AP Photo/AIR PHOTO SERVICE)

TOKYO (Kyodo) -- Tokyo Electric Power Co. on Thursday started injecting nitrogen into one of the reactors at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power complex to reduce the potential risk of a hydrogen explosion, while it succeeded in stopping highly radioactive water leaking into the Pacific Ocean from the plant the previous day.

Nitrogen, an inert gas, was injected into the No. 1 reactor's containment vessel, a process that could take several days. Hidehiko Nishiyama, a spokesman for the government's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, denied there is an "immediate danger" of explosion and described the injection as "a preventive measure."

In addition to the task of maintaining the relative stability of all six reactors at the nuclear complex in Fukushima Prefecture, the utility firm known as TEPCO has also been engaged in efforts to stop highly radioactive water from leaking into the sea and cleaning up contaminated water within the plant.

At 5:38 a.m. Wednesday, highly contaminated water, which had been confirmed as leaking into the sea from around a cracked pit located near the No. 2 reactor water intake on Saturday, stopped flowing after TEPCO injected around 6,000 liters of chemical agents including sodium silicate, known as "water glass."

Nishiyama told a press conference in the afternoon that so far no further leakage has been detected from the pit. But there is a possibility that the water, which has lost an outlet, could show up from other areas of the plant.

The highly radioactive water is believed to have come from the No. 2 reactor core, where fuel rods have partially melted, and ended up in the pit. The pit is connected to the No. 2 reactor turbine building and an underground trench connected to the building, both of which were found to be filled with highly contaminated water.

This March 24, 2011 aerial photo taken by a small unmanned drone and released by AIR PHOTO SERVICE shows damaged Unit 3 of the crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in Okumamachi, Fukushima Prefecture, northeastern Japan. (AP Photo/AIR PHOTO SERVICE)
This March 24, 2011 aerial photo taken by a small unmanned drone and released by AIR PHOTO SERVICE shows damaged Unit 3 of the crippled Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in Okumamachi, Fukushima Prefecture, northeastern Japan. (AP Photo/AIR PHOTO SERVICE)

To make room to store the highly radioactive water that is hampering the plant's restoration work, TEPCO continued to dump into the sea massive amounts of low-level contaminated water from inside a nuclear waste disposal facility at the site as well as contaminated groundwater found from around the Nos. 5 and 6 unit buildings.

TEPCO is aiming to dispose of a total of about 10,000 tons of low-level contaminated water into the sea by this weekend, a move which has sparked concern among neighboring countries and strong protests from the domestic fishing industry.

After opening up the disposal facility, which can accommodate 30,000 tons of liquid, some repair work is expected to take place for about a week to ensure that the facility can retain highly radioactive water safely without fear of the stored liquid leaking outside.

The plant's power grid and most of the emergency diesel generators were knocked out by the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and ensuing tsunami on March 11, resulting in the loss of many of the reactors' key cooling functions, partial melting of reactor cores and hydrogen explosions.

According to estimates by TEPCO announced Wednesday, 25 percent of the nuclear fuel rods have been damaged at the No. 3 reactor. The company earlier said that 70 percent of the No. 1 reactor's fuel rods and 30 percent of the No. 2 reactor's fuel rods have been damaged.

Nishiyama said past hydrogen explosions have likely occurred due to hydrogen accumulation caused by the reaction of melted fuel rods' zirconium with steam from the coolant water. But now there is concern that hydrogen could accumulate in the No. 1 reactor under a different process involving radiation-induced decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen.

In announcing TEPCO's decision to inject nitrogen into the reactor's containment vessel, an operation approved by the government, the nuclear agency said that radioactive leaks are "unlikely to significantly rise" even if the pressure inside the vessel increases as a result of the injection.

In this photo taken on Thursday, March 31, 2011 by Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and released by Japan Defense Ministry Friday, April 1, JMSDF personnel all in protective suits are aboard a tugboat towing a U.S. military barge carrying pure water towards the quay of the tsunami-stricken Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear complex in Okumamachi, Fukushima Prefecture, northeastern Japan. (AP Photo/Japan Defense Ministry)
In this photo taken on Thursday, March 31, 2011 by Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and released by Japan Defense Ministry Friday, April 1, JMSDF personnel all in protective suits are aboard a tugboat towing a U.S. military barge carrying pure water towards the quay of the tsunami-stricken Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear complex in Okumamachi, Fukushima Prefecture, northeastern Japan. (AP Photo/Japan Defense Ministry)

Nishiyama said that he also expects nitrogen to be injected into the Nos. 2 and 3 reactors in the future.

The utility has been pouring massive amounts of water into the reactors and their spent nuclear fuel pools as a stopgap measure to cool them down. But the measure is causing "side effects," such as the detection of contaminated water in various parts of the nuclear complex and some leakage into the sea.

A seawater sample taken near the No. 2 reactor water intake on Saturday showed a radioactive iodine-131 concentration of 7.5 million times the maximum level permitted under law, or about 300,000 becquerels per cubic centimeter.

In the first case of contamination levels in seafood exceeding the maximum legal limit, radioactive cesium in excess of the set limit was detected in young sand lance caught Monday in the sea off the northern part of Ibaraki Prefecture.

The National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives Associations lodged a protest with TEPCO and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry on Wednesday, saying the dumping of contaminated water into the sea without any prior consultation with fishermen was an "outrage."

The group also called for the dumping of contaminated water and the leakage of highly polluted water from the plant to be halted so as to prevent Japan's fishing industry from "perishing."

To prevent the already seriously contaminated seawater close to the plant from spreading further, TEPCO is planning to install "silt fence" barriers in the sea, such as near the No. 2 reactor water intake.

(Mainichi Japan) April 7, 2011